Baclofen, a medication widely recognized for its efficacy in treating muscle spasticity, has a history marked by unexpected turns and evolving therapeutic applications. Initially conceived for a different purpose, its journey reflects the dynamic nature of pharmacological discovery and the continuous efforts to address unmet medical needs. This report aims to provide a comprehensive historical account of baclofen, tracing its origins from a laboratory synthesis to its current standing as a significant pharmaceutical agent, including its primary role in managing spasticity and the subsequent exploration of its potential in treating alcohol use disorder.1
The story of baclofen began in 1962 when it was first synthesized by the Swiss chemist Heinrich Keberle.1 This research took place within the laboratories of Ciba-Geigy, a prominent pharmaceutical company that is now part of Novartis.1 Chemically, baclofen was designed as a β-aryl-halogenated derivative of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA).14 The underlying rationale for this synthesis was to create a compound that was more lipophilic than GABA itself, with the expectation that this increased lipid solubility would enhance its ability to cross the blood-brain barrier.14 At the time, the primary therapeutic goal was to develop a new medication for the treatment of epilepsy.1
However, initial clinical investigations revealed that baclofen was not effective in controlling seizures in individuals with epilepsy.1 Paradoxically, some studies even indicated that baclofen could potentially promote neuronal excitability and, in certain contexts, even induce seizures.1 Despite its lack of efficacy against epilepsy, an intriguing observation emerged during these early trials: some participants experienced a reduction in muscle spasticity.1 This muscle-relaxant effect, initially an unintended outcome, ultimately became the central focus of baclofen’s clinical development.14 Following further investigation into this serendipitous finding, baclofen was re-introduced in 1971 as a potential treatment for specific forms of spasticity.1 The timeline between its synthesis and this re-introduction suggests a period of dedicated research to understand and validate its anti-spasticity properties, paving the way for its eventual clinical application in this area.
The journey of baclofen continued with its registration in Europe under the brand name Lioresal® around 1972, marking a significant step in its clinical availability.1 Subsequently, in 1977, the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved baclofen for medical use in the US.1 The initial New Drug Application (NDA 17-851) was held by Novartis, the successor to Ciba-Geigy.31 Today, baclofen is widely available as a generic medication.1 Its established role in medical practice is further highlighted by its ranking as the 104th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States in 2022, with over six million prescriptions filled.1 The fact that European approval preceded that in the US might reflect differences in the regulatory landscapes or the timing of clinical data submission and review processes between the regions. Additionally, Ciba-Geigy might have initially focused its market entry efforts on Europe. The subsequent widespread adoption and high prescription rates in the US underscore the drug’s enduring clinical value in managing spasticity across various conditions.
A significant advancement in baclofen therapy came with the introduction of intrathecal baclofen in 1984 for the treatment of severe spinal spasticity.1 This method of administration was developed to circumvent the limitations of oral baclofen, particularly its limited ability to cross the blood-brain barrier, which often necessitated high doses leading to systemic side effects.1 Richard Penn, MD, a pioneer in intrathecal drug therapies, conducted the first study on the intraspinal administration of baclofen in 1984, initially in animals and later expanding his research to human subjects.35 Intrathecal baclofen injection received its initial FDA approval in 1992 as an orphan drug and has since become the standard of care for severe spasticity of both spinal and cerebral origin.38 The FDA approved its administration via implantable infusion pumps around the same period.35 This targeted delivery system is used to manage severe spasticity associated with conditions such as multiple sclerosis, spinal cord injury, cerebral palsy, and traumatic brain injury.1 The FDA’s orphan drug designation for intrathecal baclofen underscored its importance in treating a specific patient population with significant unmet medical needs, particularly those with cerebral palsy.23 The orphan designation for Lioresal Intrathecal was granted on November 10, 1987.44
Beyond its established role in spasticity management, baclofen has garnered attention for its potential in treating alcohol use disorder (AUD).1 This off-label application gained prominence largely due to the experiences of French-American cardiologist Olivier Ameisen, who documented his personal success in overcoming severe alcoholism using high doses of baclofen in his 2008 memoir, Le Dernier Verre (The End of My Addiction).1 Ameisen reported achieving a state of “complete indifference” towards alcohol with a daily dose of 270 mg.52 The proposed mechanism of action for baclofen in treating AUD involves its role as a selective GABA-B receptor agonist in the central nervous system, potentially mimicking GABA’s inhibitory effects, leading to a reduction in dopamine release and consequently, a decrease in alcohol cravings.1 Despite the anecdotal success and some promising early research, baclofen remains an off-label treatment for AUD in many countries, including the United States, where regulatory bodies like SAMHSA cite a need for more conclusive evidence of its effectiveness.5 Notably, France became the first country to officially approve baclofen for AUD in October 2018, even while acknowledging that the evidence for its efficacy in this indication was not definitively established.14 This decision followed a period of extensive off-label use in France, with some patients receiving doses as high as 300 mg per day.50 The use of baclofen for AUD, particularly at higher doses, has been met with considerable controversy regarding its actual effectiveness and its safety profile.1
The efficacy of baclofen in treating spasticity is supported by a robust body of clinical trial evidence. Early open-label studies indicated significant improvements in spasticity and reductions in spasms in patients with spinal cord injury and multiple sclerosis.66 These findings were subsequently confirmed by double-blind, crossover, placebo-controlled trials, which demonstrated statistically significant benefits of oral baclofen in reducing spasticity.66 Comparative studies have generally shown that oral baclofen has similar efficacy to other commonly used antispasmodic medications like tizanidine.66 For severe spasticity, particularly of spinal origin, randomized controlled trials have consistently shown the superiority of intrathecal baclofen over placebo in reducing muscle tone and spasm frequency.41 Furthermore, clinical trials involving patients with cerebral palsy and spasticity resulting from brain injury have demonstrated that intrathecal baclofen leads to significant reductions in spasticity as measured by standardized scales like the Ashworth Scale.40 Long-term studies have also provided evidence for the sustained effectiveness of intrathecal baclofen in managing chronic spasticity.40
The evidence base for baclofen in the treatment of alcohol use disorder is more complex and has yielded less consistent results. Preclinical studies in animal models suggested that baclofen could reduce alcohol consumption and the motivation to seek alcohol.57 The first double-blind clinical trial reported increased abstinence rates in AUD patients receiving 30 mg/day of baclofen compared to placebo.69 However, numerous subsequent RCTs investigating various dosages and treatment durations have produced mixed outcomes.18 Some trials have shown benefits in terms of increased abstinence rates, reduced alcohol intake, and decreased cravings, while others have failed to demonstrate significant differences between baclofen and placebo.48 Meta-analyses attempting to synthesize the findings from these trials have also reached varying conclusions, with some suggesting a potential benefit, particularly in specific subgroups of patients or at higher doses, while others have deemed the evidence inconclusive.24 Additionally, some observational studies that employed tailored dosing strategies for baclofen in AUD have reported positive effects on preventing relapse and reducing alcohol consumption.52
The use of baclofen, particularly for alcohol use disorder, has been accompanied by significant controversies and safety considerations. Debates persist regarding its actual efficacy in treating AUD, especially concerning the optimal dosage and the balance between potential benefits and risks.1 Safety concerns are particularly relevant at the higher doses sometimes used for AUD, with reported side effects including increased sedation, dizziness, confusion, and a potential for more severe adverse events like seizures, respiratory depression, and psychiatric disturbances.11 Notably, some research has indicated a possible link between high doses of baclofen and an elevated risk of mortality in individuals with alcohol dependence.57 While generally considered to have a low potential for addiction at standard therapeutic doses for spasticity, there have been documented cases of misuse, abuse, and dependence associated with baclofen, particularly at higher doses where euphoric effects have been reported, often occurring in individuals with a history of substance abuse.1 Abrupt cessation of baclofen can lead to serious withdrawal symptoms, ranging from mild to life-threatening, including hallucinations, seizures, high fever, altered mental status, and severe rebound spasticity, necessitating a gradual dose reduction when discontinuing the medication.1 Furthermore, caution is advised when prescribing baclofen to patients with pre-existing psychiatric conditions, epilepsy, or a history of stroke, as it may worsen these conditions or be poorly tolerated.11
Baclofen’s journey from a synthesized compound to a widely used medication has been marked by several key milestones. These include its initial synthesis in 1962, the European approval of Lioresal® around 1972, the FDA approval for spasticity in 1977, the introduction of intrathecal baclofen in 1984, the FDA approval for intrathecal baclofen in 1992, and France’s approval for AUD in 2018.12 Currently, baclofen is FDA-approved for treating spasticity resulting from multiple sclerosis and for managing severe spasticity of spinal cord or cerebral origin.1 Investigated off-label uses include alcohol use disorder, intractable hiccups, gastroesophageal reflux disease, trigeminal neuralgia, and nocturnal calf cramps associated with lumbar spinal stenosis.1 The medication is available in various oral formulations, including tablets, granules, solution, and suspension, as well as an intrathecal injection.1
In conclusion, the history of baclofen is a compelling example of how a drug’s therapeutic trajectory can diverge from its initial purpose. From its beginnings as a potential anti-epileptic agent, baclofen found its niche as a crucial medication for managing spasticity, with the development of intrathecal therapy marking a significant advancement in its clinical utility. The subsequent exploration of its off-label use for alcohol use disorder, spurred by anecdotal evidence and some clinical findings, has generated considerable interest and controversy. While baclofen has become a cornerstone in the treatment of spasticity, its role in managing alcohol dependence remains a subject of ongoing research and debate. The need for more robust clinical trial data, particularly regarding optimal dosing and long-term safety in AUD, is evident. Nevertheless, baclofen’s enduring impact on medical practice, particularly in alleviating the debilitating symptoms of spasticity, is undeniable, and future research may yet uncover further therapeutic applications for this versatile drug.
Table 1: Key Clinical Trials for Baclofen in Spasticity
| Study (First Author, Year) | Journal | Indication | Intervention | Key Findings |
| Albright et al., 1991 | JAMA | Cerebral Palsy | Intrathecal Baclofen vs. Oral Baclofen | Intrathecal baclofen effective in reducing spasticity in children with cerebral palsy. |
| Penn et al., 1989 | Journal of Neurosurgery | Multiple Sclerosis, Spinal Cord Injury | Intrathecal Baclofen vs. Placebo | Demonstrated efficacy and safety of intrathecal baclofen for severe spasticity of spinal origin. |
| Gilmartin et al., 2000 | Journal of Child Neurology | Cerebral Palsy | Intrathecal Baclofen vs. Placebo (crossover) | Statistically significant superiority of intrathecal baclofen over placebo in reducing spasticity in children with cerebral palsy. |
| Meythaler et al., 1996 | Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation | Acquired Brain Injury | Bolus Intrathecal Baclofen vs. Placebo (crossover) | Directionally favorable results for intrathecal baclofen in reducing spasticity due to acquired brain injury. |
| Ertzgaard et al., 2017 | Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine | Spasticity of any origin (review) | Oral Baclofen | Oral baclofen may be effective in many patients with spasticity, but adverse effects are common. |
| Azouvi et al., 1996 | Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation | Severe Spinal Spasticity | Chronic Intrathecal Baclofen Infusion | Functional improvement and long-term effectiveness of intrathecal baclofen for severe spinal spasticity. |
| Borowski et al., 2008 | Spine | Spinal Cord Injury | Intrathecal Baclofen | Significant reduction in spasticity and pain with intrathecal baclofen in patients with spinal cord injury. |
| Francisco et al., 2002 | Stroke | Stroke-related spasticity | Intrathecal Baclofen vs. Placebo (crossover) | Intrathecal baclofen effective in reducing lower extremity spasticity in stroke patients. |
| Van Helmond et al., 2006 | Archives of Disease in Childhood | Cerebral Palsy | Intrathecal Baclofen | Intrathecal baclofen safe and effective in children with severe spasticity due to cerebral palsy. |
| Albright et al., 2003 | Journal of Neurosurgery | Severe Spasticity of Cerebral Origin | Long-term Intrathecal Baclofen Therapy | Long-term intrathecal baclofen therapy effective for severe spasticity of cerebral origin. |
Table 2: Key Clinical Trials for Baclofen in Alcohol Use Disorder
| Study (First Author, Year) | Journal | Intervention | Study Duration | Primary Outcome(s) | Key Findings |
| Addolorato et al., 2002 | Alcohol and Alcoholism | Baclofen 30 mg/day vs. Placebo | 30 days | Complete Abstinence | Baclofen superior to placebo in increasing rates of complete abstinence and reducing daily drinking levels. |
| Addolorato et al., 2007 | The Lancet | Baclofen 30 mg/day vs. Placebo | 12 weeks | Total Abstinence | Baclofen significantly better than placebo in increasing total abstinence in alcohol-dependent individuals with cirrhosis. |
| Garbutt et al., 2010 | JAMA | Baclofen 60 mg/day vs. Placebo | 16 weeks | Percentage of Heavy Drinking Days | No significant difference between baclofen and placebo in the percentage of heavy drinking days. |
| Morley et al., 2018 | Alcohol and Alcoholism | Baclofen 75 mg/day, 30 mg/day vs. Placebo | 12 weeks | Time to First Lapse, Time to First Relapse, % Abstinent Days | Baclofen treatment (both doses combined) increased time to first lapse, time to first relapse, and percentage of days abstinent compared to placebo. |
| Müller et al., 2015 | European Neuropsychopharmacology | Baclofen up to 270 mg/day vs. Placebo | 24 weeks | Percentage of Abstinent Patients, Cumulative Abstinence Duration | Baclofen significantly increased the percentage of abstinent patients and cumulative abstinence duration compared to placebo. |
| Leggio et al., 2015 | JAMA Psychiatry | Baclofen 80 mg/day vs. Placebo | 12 weeks | Rate of Abstinent Days from Co-use of Alcohol and Tobacco | Higher rate of abstinent days from co-use of alcohol and tobacco in the baclofen group compared to placebo in AUD patients with nicotine use disorder. |
| Krupitsky et al., 2015 | Drug and Alcohol Dependence | Baclofen up to 270 mg/day vs. Placebo | 3 months | Abstinence Rate, Cumulative Abstinence Duration | Abstinence rate and cumulative abstinence duration were significantly higher with baclofen compared to placebo. |
| Beraha et al., 2016 | European Addiction Research | Baclofen (flexible dose) vs. Placebo | 16 weeks | Continuous Abstinence for 10-week Study Period | No significant difference in continuous abstinence between the baclofen and placebo groups. |
| Rigal et al., 2020 | Alcohol and Alcoholism | Baclofen (tailored dose) vs. Placebo | 52 weeks | Abstinence or Low-Risk Drinking in Last 4 Weeks | No significant difference between tailored baclofen and placebo in achieving abstinence or low-risk drinking. |
| Agabio et al., 2023 | Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | Baclofen (various doses) vs. Placebo, Naltrexone, Acamprosate | Variable | Relapse, Abstinence, Adverse Events | Moderate-certainty evidence that baclofen probably reduces relapse risk and increases abstinent days, particularly among patients who have completed detoxification. Low- to very low-certainty evidence for comparisons with naltrexone and acamprosate. |
Works cited
- Baclofen – Wikipedia, , https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baclofen
- Baclofen: Uses, Interactions, Mechanism of Action | DrugBank Online, , https://go.drugbank.com/drugs/DB00181
- BACLOFEN – Inxight Drugs, , https://drugs.ncats.io/drug/H789N3FKE8
- BACLOFEN HYDROCHLORIDE – Inxight Drugs, , https://drugs.ncats.io/drug/64OSE3996V
- Baclofen: Uses in Addiction Treatment & Side Effects, , https://americanaddictioncenters.org/addiction-medications/baclofen
- What is Baclofen used for? – Patsnap Synapse, , https://synapse.patsnap.com/article/what-is-baclofen-used-for/
- Baclofen Tablets: Uses, Interactions & Side Effects – Cleveland Clinic, , https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/drugs/19760-baclofen-tablets
- Lioresal, Gablofen (baclofen) dosing, indications, interactions, adverse effects, and more., , https://reference.medscape.com/drug/lioresal-baclofen-343335
- Clinical Policy: Baclofen (Gablofen, Lioresal, Lyvispah, Ozobax) – Ambetter Health, , https://www.ambetterhealth.com/content/dam/centene/Superior/policies/pharmacy-policies/CP.PHAR.149-04012022.pdf
- Baclofen Side Effects & Uses in Addiction Treatment, , https://americanaddictioncenters.org/addiction-medications/baclofen?PageSpeed=noscript
- Is Baclofen Addictive? What You Should Know – Discovery Institute, , https://www.discoverynj.org/is-baclofen-addictive-what-is-it-used-for/
- Baclofen – Knowledge and References – Taylor & Francis, , https://taylorandfrancis.com/knowledge/Engineering_and_technology/Chemical_engineering/Baclofen/
- Baclofen – Drug Targets, Indications, Patents – Patsnap Synapse, , https://synapse.patsnap.com/drug/1af7845132404269b1e1f97bdb7a52c3
- Historical Overview on Baclofen, the Only GABAB Receptor Agonist …, , https://www.researchgate.net/publication/384136054_Historical_Overview_on_Baclofen_the_Only_GABAB_Receptor_Agonist_Approved_and_Available_for_Clinical_Use
- Baclofen therapeutics, toxicity, and withdrawal: A narrative review – PMC – PubMed Central, , https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8182184/
- A critical evaluation of oral baclofen in pediatric patients with cerebral palsy. – Children’s Mercy Kansas City, , https://scholarlyexchange.childrensmercy.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=6096&context=papers
- Product Quality Review(s) – accessdata.fda.gov, , https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2019/208193Orig1s000ChemR.pdf
- Classics in Chemical Neuroscience: Baclofen | Request PDF – ResearchGate, , https://www.researchgate.net/publication/341557283_Classics_in_Chemical_Neuroscience_Baclofen
- Classics in Chemical Neuroscience: Baclofen – PubMed, , https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32436697/
- Baclofen | C10H12ClNO2 | CID 2284 – PubChem, , https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Baclofen
- Baclofen – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf, , https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK526037/
- Does baclofen for the management of spasticity increase the risk of seizures?, , https://www.lenus.ie/bitstream/10147/638073/1/archdischild-2023-325977.full.pdf
- Baclofen: uses, dosing, warnings, adverse events, interactions – MedCentral, , https://www.medcentral.com/drugs/monograph/8615-382530/baclofen-oral
- Baclofen | EBSCO Research Starters, , https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/health-and-medicine/baclofen
- GABAB autoreceptor-mediated cell type-specific reduction of inhibition in epileptic mice, , https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.1313505110
- FREQUENCY-OF-SEIZURES-IN-MULTIPLE-SCLEROSIS-PATIENTS-TREATED-WITH-INTRATHECAL-BACLOFEN – American Epilepsy Society, , https://aesnet.org/abstractslisting/frequency-of-seizures-in-multiple-sclerosis-patients-treated-with-intrathecal-baclofen
- EFFECT-OF-INTRATHECAL-BACLOFEN-ON-SEIZURE-FREQUENCY-IN-CHILDREN-WITH-CEREBRAL-PALSY – American Epilepsy Society, , https://aesnet.org/abstractslisting/effect-of-intrathecal-baclofen-on-seizure-frequency-in-children-with-cerebral-palsy
- Baclofen Uses, Dosage & Side Effects – Drugs.com, , https://www.drugs.com/baclofen.html
- proposal for the addition of baclofen to the who model list of essential medicines and to the who – World Health Organization (WHO), , https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/2025-eml-expert-committee/addition-of-new-medicines/a.4_baclofen.pdf?sfvrsn=76c0b527_7
- Baclofen (International database) – Drugs.com, , https://www.drugs.com/international/baclofen.html
- Memorandum for NDA 21589, Baclofen ODT – accessdata.fda.gov, , https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2003/021589s000_Kemstro_MedR.pdf
- Amneal Launches LYVISPAH® (baclofen) for Spasticity Related to Multiple Sclerosis and Other Spinal Cord Disorders, , https://investors.amneal.com/news/press-releases/press-release-details/2022/Amneal-Launches-LYVISPAH-baclofen-for-Spasticity-Related-to-Multiple-Sclerosis-and-Other-Spinal-Cord-Disorders/default.aspx
- Amneal Acquires Saol Therapeutics’ Baclofen Franchise, , https://investors.amneal.com/news/press-releases/press-release-details/2022/Amneal-Acquires-Saol-Therapeutics-Baclofen-Franchise/default.aspx
- Baclofen Patient Tips: 7 things you should know – Drugs.com, , https://www.drugs.com/tips/baclofen-patient-tips
- Baclofen: A Historical Journey and Modern Applications in Spasticity Management – Hartley Medical, , https://www.hartleymedical.com/blog-posts/intrathecal-baclofen-a-review-2012
- Brief History of Neuromodulation, , https://www.neuromodulation.com/brief-history-of-neuromodulation
- Efficacy and safety of oral baclofen in the management of spasticity: A rationale for intrathecal baclofen – HTML, , https://www.medicaljournals.se/jrm/content/html/10.2340/16501977-2211
- FDA Approves Movement Disorder Drug from CNS Therapeutics: Gablofen® (Baclofen Injection) for the Treatment of Severe Spas | Fierce Pharma, , https://www.fiercepharma.com/pharma/fda-approves-movement-disorder-drug-from-cns-therapeutics-gablofen%C2%AE-baclofen-injection-for
- Gablofen (baclofen) FDA Approval History – Drugs.com, , https://www.drugs.com/history/gablofen.html
- Efficacy – HCP – Lioresal® Intrathecal, , https://lioresal.com/hcp/about-lioresal-intrathecal/efficacy/
- LIORESAL ®INTRATHECAL – accessdata.fda.gov, , https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2011/020075s021lbl.pdf
- A clinical study of intrathecal baclofen using a programmable pump for intractable spasticity – PubMed, , https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16271565/
- An Introduction to Trialing Intrathecal Baclofen in Patients with Hemiparetic Spasticity: A Description of 3 Cases – :::::Pain Physician:::::, , https://www.painphysicianjournal.com/current/pdf?article=MTUxMQ%3D%3D&journal=63
- Search Orphan Drug Designations and Approvals – FDA, , https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/opdlisting/oopd/detailedIndex.cfm?cfgridkey=23987
- Scientists discovered a wonder drug for alcohol use disorder ineffective – Tech Explorist, , https://www.techexplorist.com/scientists-discovered-wonder-drug-alcohol-use-disorder-ineffective/12103/
- Use caution when prescribing baclofen off label | Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA), , https://www.tga.gov.au/news/safety-updates/use-caution-when-prescribing-baclofen-label
- Is Baclofen Addictive? Risks, Withdrawal, and Safe Use – Agape Detox Center, , https://agapedetoxcenter.com/is-baclofen-addictive/
- The Use of Baclofen as a Treatment for Alcohol Use Disorder: A …, , https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychiatry/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00708/full
- The Olivier Ameisen Story – Baclofen Treatment for Alcoholism, , https://baclofentreatment.com/background/stories/the-olivier-ameisen-story/
- Baclofen approval in France: A balance between two conceptions of medicine, , https://www.researchgate.net/publication/355488274_Baclofen_approval_in_France_A_balance_between_two_conceptions_of_medicine
- Can Baclofen Be Used for Addiction Treatment? | Zinnia Health, , https://zinniahealth.com/substance-use/baclofen/alcohol-treatment
- Alcohol-dependence: The current French craze for baclofen | Request PDF – ResearchGate, , https://www.researchgate.net/publication/221822915_Alcohol-dependence_The_current_French_craze_for_baclofen
- Editorial: Baclofen in the Treatment of Alcohol Use Disorder – PMC, , https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6529570/
- Olivier Ameisen – Wikipedia, , https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivier_Ameisen
- A Review of the Potential Mechanisms of Action of Baclofen in Alcohol Use Disorder, , https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychiatry/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00506/full
- Anonymous Alcoholic Bankrolls Trial of Controversial Therapy – Pr Olivier Ameisen, , https://www.olivierameisen.fr/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/Science-2011-EnserinkAmeisen.pdf
- Baclofen in the treatment of alcohol use disorder: tailored doses matter – Oxford Academic, , https://academic.oup.com/alcalc/article/59/2/agad090/7585887
- Baclofen approval in france: A balance between two conceptions of medicine – PMC, , https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9471670/
- France Grants an Approval to Baclofen for Alcohol Dependence – Oxford Academic, , https://academic.oup.com/alcalc/article-abstract/55/1/44/5639731
- Approval of Baclofen for Alcohol Use Disorders in France: A Perspective From the United States – Oxford Academic, , https://academic.oup.com/alcalc/article/55/1/48/5639732
- (PDF) France Grants an Approval to Baclofen for Alcohol Dependence – ResearchGate, , https://www.researchgate.net/publication/335639032_France_Grants_an_Approval_to_Baclofen_for_Alcohol_Dependence
- An Unusual Case of Baclofen Abuse – PMC – PubMed Central, , https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5052965/
- The dramatic baclofen saga: a decade of accumulating evidence but more and more questions | The BMJ, , https://www.bmj.com/content/360/bmj.k930/rr
- If baclofen is so great, why isn’t everyone using it already?, , https://baclofentreatment.com/questions-controversies/if-baclofen-is-so-great-why-isnt-everyone-using-it-already/
- The Use of Baclofen as a Treatment for Alcohol Use Disorder: A Clinical Practice Perspective – PubMed Central, , https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6328471/
- A benefit-risk assessment of baclofen in severe spinal spasticity – PubMed, , https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15350152/
- Arbaclofen extended-release tablets for spasticity in multiple sclerosis: randomized, controlled clinical trial | Brain Communications | Oxford Academic, , https://academic.oup.com/braincomms/article/4/6/fcac300/6841350
- LIORESAL® INTRATHECAL – accessdata.fda.gov, , https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2019/020075s037lbl.pdf
- Efficacy and Safety of Baclofen for Alcohol Dependence: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial, , https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2965272/
- Baclofen for alcohol use disorder: A Cochrane Review summary with commentary, , https://www.rti.org/rti-press-publication/baclofen-alcohol-use-disorder-cochrane-review-summary-commentary
- Baclofen for Alcohol Use Disorder: A Cochrane Review Summary With Commentary, , https://rtipress.scholasticahq.com/article/130012-baclofen-for-alcohol-use-disorder-a-cochrane-review-summary-with-commentary
- Suppression of Alcohol Dependence Using Baclofen: A 2-Year Observational Study of 100 Patients – Frontiers, , https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychiatry/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2012.00103/full
- Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Study of High-Dose Baclofen in Alcohol-Dependent Patients—The ALPADIR Study – Oxford Academic, , https://academic.oup.com/alcalc/article/52/4/439/3835773
- Clinical Trials of Baclofen for Alcoholism: 2018 Update, , https://baclofentreatment.com/background/science/clinical-trials-of-baclofen-for-alcoholism-2018-update/
- ISRCTN17435333: Trial exploring the benefits of different doses of baclofen for patients with alcohol addiction – ISRCTN Registry, , https://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN17435333
- Efficacy and Safety of Baclofen for Maintenance of Abstinence in Alcohol Dependent Patients | Clinical Research Trial Listing – CenterWatch, , https://www.centerwatch.com/clinical-trials/listings/NCT01738282/efficacy-and-safety-of-baclofen-for-maintenance-of-abstinence-in-alcohol-dependent-patients
- LYVISPAH (baclofen) Label – accessdata.fda.gov, , https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2021/215422lbl.pdf
- Benefit of enteral baclofen in the management of spasticity in cerebral palsy – PMC, , https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10116133/
- Baclofen/naltrexone/sorbitol – Pharnext – AdisInsight – Springer, , https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800034690
- Baclofen (oral route) – Mayo Clinic, , https://www.mayoclinic.org/drugs-supplements/baclofen-oral-route/description/drg-20067995
- Baclofen: Description, uses, side effects, and more – Medical News Today, , https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/baclofen
- Lioresal Intrathecal: Package Insert / Prescribing Info – Drugs.com, , https://www.drugs.com/pro/lioresal-intrathecal.html
- baclofen – Novartis, , https://www.novartis.com/ca-en/sites/novartis_ca/files/lioresal_scrip_e.pdf
- US FDA Approves Oral Formulations of Baclofen for MS-Related Muscle Spasticity: Lyvispah™ and Fleqsuvy™ Now Available, , https://www.nationalmssociety.org/news-and-magazine/news/fda-approves-baclofen-oral-formulations
- Clinical Review {Susanne R. Goldstein} {NDA 215422} {baclofen oral granules} CDER Clinical Review Template 1 Version date – FDA, , https://www.fda.gov/media/155330/download
- Intrathecal baclofen for the treatment of spasticity. Case report with thematic review, , http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?pid=S0120-33472013000300012&script=sci_arttext&tlng=en
- Intrathecal Baclofen for Spastic Hypertonia From Stroke, , https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/hs0901.095682
- Fleqsuvy (baclofen) FDA Approval History – Drugs.com, , https://www.drugs.com/history/fleqsuvy.html
- Generic Lioresal Availability – Drugs.com, , https://www.drugs.com/availability/generic-lioresal.html
